ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DO CONCEITO DE LIBERDADE DE RELIGIÃO OU CRENÇA NO OCIDENTE
Resumo
Apesar de ser usualmente assumido que a liberdade religiosa seja fruto do iluminismo europeu, com suas consequências do declínio do estabelecimento político da fé religiosa e, mais tarde, o fim das guerras religiosas, é possível notar em momentos históricos anteriores eventos que contribuíram para essa noção. A expressão “liberdade de religião” (libertas religionis) aparece, pela primeira vez, no século III; “direito à liberdade” (ius libertatis), no XII; “direito natural à liberdade religiosa” (naturale ius libertatis religionis), no XV e XVI; e “direito à liberdade religiosa” (ius libertatis religionis) se torna comum em círculos religiosos e jurídicos no século XVII, como algo passível de provocar uma ação em uma corte, para além de motivo de fuga ou revolta. Assim, após o século XVII, as garantias de liberdade religiosa em instrumentos legais vão se tornando mais comuns, até o século XX, o qual marca esse desenvolvimento com o advento dos instrumentos nacionais e internacionais de direitos humanos contemporâneos. Assim, este artigo parte do entendimento de que a análise histórica é passo essencial para a compreensão do significado contemporâneo da liberdade religiosa, guardadas as particularidades históricas de cada período estudado. Para tanto, será utilizada a mesma divisão de Witte Jr em sua contribuição para a obra Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief: (1) 1º Milênio, (2) a Revolução Papal, (3) as Reformas Protestantes, (4) estabelecimento religioso e liberdade religiosa na Europa (5) e no novo mundo, e (6) liberdade religiosa moderna no Ocidente.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2526-009X/2023.v9i1.9696
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